Chemstudy

Inductive effect is a permanent electronic displacement and also known as "Transmission effect". → Where I - effect takes place ?           In σ - bonded organic compound where electronegativity of atoms didfferent. Due to            elecronagetivity difference I - effect occur.         Consider compound AB where B is more electronegative than A . Therefor σ - bond polarization occur. It is depicted as below,                                                       A  ー>ー  B         It is distance dependent factor and its influence have upto 3 or 4 atoms. →  Types of I - effect :          + I - effect and - I - effect           In + I - effect group or atom electr...

Hoffmann   Rearrangement Principle :                   When amide is react with hypohalide it gives primery amine having one carbon atom less than the original amide. In this reaction actual product is isocynate (R-CNO). R-CONH2 + Br2 + 4KOH ￫ R-NH2 + 2KBr + 2H2O + K2CO3 Mechanism : ● Step - 1 : Formation of N-bromoamide :                   In the first step amide is react with bromine and give an intermideat i.e, N-bromoamide. In this reaction when bromine molecules come near with the lone pair electrons . polarisation develop in bromine molecule. ● Step - 2 : Reaction between N - bromoamide and KOH :                   In the second step N - bromoamide contain more acidic hydrogen than that is in original amide , the second proton remove from the N - bromoamide and anion is form. ● Step - 3 : Formation of ni...

Traffic Experiment Video : Requirements : Indigo carmine dye , NaOH pellets ,                              Water , Glucose Procedure :                       take 100 ml distilled water in conical flask and add small amount (20 mg) of indigo carmine dye and mix it well. Take another conical flask and take 150 ml water. 3 gm glucose and 5 gm NaOH mix in this flask and mix it well.then pour this solution into Indigo carmine solution so it becomes green in colour. then wait about few minute.          

Fajan's rule - Chemical bonding This is the most important theory in chemical bonding and many quastions are solved by understand this theory. According to Lewis theory of bonding there are two types of bond. 1. Covalent bond :                                 In which sharing of electrons take place and covalent compounds having low boiling point and low melting point. 2. Ionic bond :                            In which electron transfer takes place and ionic compounds having high boiling and melting point due to strong electrostatic force between +ve and -ve ions. Let's understand importance of Fajan's rule by taking following example.... NaBr and AlBr3 both are ionic compounds so it should have high melting and boiling point. In case of NaBr M.P. is 747 ℃ but AlBr3 having very low melting poin...

Positive(+ve) and negative(-ve) Inductive groups : -I showing group : NR3+ , SR2+ , NH3+ , NO2- , SO3H , CN-, -CHO, -COCH3, -COOH , -F , -Cl , -Br, -I ,-OR , -OH, Alkyne group , -NH2 ,-CH=CH2 , -H +I showing group : CH2- , NH- , O- , COO- , -C(CH3)3 , -CH(CH3)2 , -CH2CH3 , -CH3 In decreasing order…. You can't called electron withdrawing group as -I effect showing group in all the cases. For example , in case of OH- , it oh group attached with carbon chain it is act as electron withdrawing group but if it is attached with benzene ring it is act as electron donating group.